Main Page > Documentation > Format-specific preservation issues
| Format
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Preservation action plan
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Issues and links
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| DOC (Microsoft Office Word)
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- Normalization to OpenDocument Format (ODF) using Xena
- Possible normalization to Portable Document Format/Archival (PDF/A).
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| NEF (Nikon Electronic Format, also known as Nikon Image Format)
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Possible normalization to Adobe Digital Negative (DNG) format
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- NEF is a raw (i.e. pre-processed) image format produced by Nikon cameras.
- Xena incorrectly guesses the file type as TIFF and normalizes as it would a TIFF, with the result that a very large file (e.g. 70 MB) is normalized to a very small one (eg. 250 KB) with considerable loss of data. Xena also removes embedded data added during image editing, converting the data to a separate XMP file. This means that any edits added by the creator are removed.
- NEF is a proprietary format with an unpublished specification.
- NEF files can be very large - 70 MB or more.
- PRONOM provides only outline information for NEF files: see PRONOM: Nikon Digital SLR Camera Raw Image File.
- Much more detailed information on NEF files is available at Library of Congress Sustainability of Digital Formats: Camera Raw Formats.
- Library of Congress states that Adobe Digital Negative (DNG), Version 1.1 may be emerging as a standard preservation format for raw camera images. Adobe provides a free (but not open-source) Adobe DNG Converter designed for downloading to Windows or Mac computers.
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| TIF or TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
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Normalization to Portable Network Graphics (PNG) format with embedded metadata stored in Xena XML.
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